Colorado Camp 9,033' cam June 30 - Wilson takes one last look at our campsite as we pack up and head home this morning....

*OUR CANVAS GALLERY will be open on JULY 2nd and 9th, 10am-5pm (w/mask), or by appointment (w/mask) - click for info

JOURNAL UPDATED June 20th

06/01/22 After a quick 870 mile trip across the dust bowl of western Oklahoma and up through New Mexico we arrived at our Camp 9033’ in the San Juan Mountains of south-central Colorado yesterday. Lush and green and no fires, though parts of the San Louis Valley along the Rio Grande River were pretty smoky from fires just across the border in New Mexico. The air here at 9,000’ was clear enough that we could see a snowstorm raging on the northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains about 40 miles away (north of Great Sand Dunes National Park). That same storm system was supposed to dump up to a foot of new snow. Some of the same areas north of us got two feet of snow last weekend. Our campsite had been recently dumped on with what was called “mud fall” in the past week or so - everything was covered with a thin layer of dried liquid mud that fell from the sky!

A recent storm here in the past month or so brought down a large Ponderosa Pine on our property - it was 63’ tall and more than three feet thick at the base - looks like it had a pretty shallow root system, made weaker by a family of fat marmots that we’ve been watching for many years. Sad to see this old fella come down - wish we could do something with the log.

We’re seeing lots and LOTS of birdlife here, including mountain bluebirds, swifts (aka tweety birds), wrens, grosbeaks, and other assorted songbirds that we can hear but can’t see - the surrounding aspen/fir/pine forest is full of music! Lots of bright yellow butterflies too. My lovely bride brought a pair of hanging flower baskets with her and it only took ten minutes for the first hummers to find them. The pups have already visited each chipmunk hole at least a dozen times.

Speaking of flowers, we’ve got lots of wild indigo, iris, and lupine in our meadow and surrounding aspen groves.

AND this old geezer made a hike to the top of our road late yesterday evening - non-stop and without having to gasp for air! My secret weapon of Gatorade zero and tylenol for the past couple of days seems to have worked well again - I wasn’t even dizzy or light headed, which is funny ‘cause I’m usually both of those at any altitude, haha!

We woke to a chilly temp of 27 degrees this morning, but 65 degrees now at almost noon is already feeling hot! Lots of camp chores to do before we can settle in...

06/02/22

06/04/22 This photo is the granite rock just below our campsite yesterday evening (we now own the rock, yippie!). There was a herd of seven mule deer just out of frame on the right - they spent their twilight hours grazing in this meadow.

06/05/22 Lots of wild iris and wild Indigo...

06/06/22 Sunset yesterday evening over Lake Pueblo (the Arkansas River), and Wilson back home today in his favorite sitting spot in our aspens.

06/09/22 Made a quick run (eight hours) up and over Wolf Creek Pass to Durango today - left at 5am so that we could stop and hike up to Fantasy Falls (very nice, 1/2 mile hike on wide trail) and get to Home Depot before it got too hot. My bride is on a week-long painting trip in the Dillon/Frisco area of Colorado with her good friend from Canada, so it's just me and the pups for a few days. My main project right now is insulating our storage shed here at the campsite. Home Depot in Durango was the closest place for resupply in the middle of my project. AND I found some BASIL to go on our pizzas! This should be enough to keep us in fresh basil for the summer (if I don't kill them).

06/12/22 Warm and colorful at first light this morning about 5am. I wandered around through the young aspen trees and across our wildflower meadow as warm breezes circulated fresh air in the high country (morning temps in the 50’s is warm for us right now!). Color began along the northeastern horizon and spread up and eventually across the entire sky - lots of pinks, purples, reds, and blues. For the first time in several days we had upper layers of clouds (vs. just clear blue sky) and those thin clouds really caught the color as it spread.

So here’s one of the big reasons why I tend to spend a lot of time at our Colorado campsite in summertime - ticks and snakes, or rather the lack of them. Back home in Arkansas each and every small plant, leaf, or blade of grass may hold dozens of ticks (or hundreds of seed ticks), hanging on and waiting for a warm-blooded critter to pass by and rub up against the plant. I saw an extreme macro photo one time (it was probably made up but I think still might have been accurate) showing a blade of grass with several ticks clinging to it and their tiny outstretched arms/legs reaching and ready to cling onto whatever passed.

With each step I take during tick season in Arkansas through the forest I may brush up against thousands of potential tick-bearing plants, and I usually come home with a few ticks. Same for the pups, although they spend most of their time down low and collect ticks all day. We constantly do tick checks and immediately remove any we find, on us or the pups, but now and then we can miss one of the tiny dots and that’s where the problem can arise. If a tick remains attached for a day or longer there are now a growing number of tick-borne diseases that can be transmitted - some of them are quite horrible that you may have to live with for the rest of your life, and these are getting more common in Aransas all the time. Chances of getting one of the tick diseases, or being bitten by a copperhead or rattlesnake, are slim, but none the less I think about such things every moment I’m in the woods in Arkansas during tick season. (The new trail section that Jeff and I built does allow us to make a nice loop through the forest of about a mile and pretty much avoid small plants because I can keep it mowed with the tractor, but the transmission of ticks from the dogs is nearly impossible to control - I mean they take over our entire king-size bed at night, and the ticks they repel head straight for US!)

We basically don’t have ticks or poisonous snakes at high altitudes in Colorado. Therefore I simply don’t fill my head with worry about such things, at all. I’m free to wander through the forest and across meadows in total harmony and peace with the natural world around me. It’s such a breath of fresh air, literally, all day long!

But of course, there are other critters that can do harm here - we’ve had a large black bear on our property at least twice in the past week, and maybe a third time last night. I’m not too worried about black bears, but the pups sure go wild when the smell one! Otherwise the cougar that may or may not be hanging around here this summer does raise some concerns - and for that I pretty much stopped hiking at night here - unless I’m making the effort to take some Milky Way photos, and then I remain on hyper alert to potential lurking big cats.

Yesterday was the big day to finally attempt to put up the last fiberglas insulation in our shed - all of it would go on the roof, which has sections about 12’ tall so required me to be at the very top of our step ladder. Thank goodness Pam was back to help out! I’ve worked part of each day on this insulation project all week, and was hoping to have it done by the time she got back from her painting trip to central Colorado with her good friend Heather from Canada. Their trip went VERY WELL, but I was not able to complete the insulation install.

Turned out to be one of the hottest days in Colorado this year - in the mid 80’s (which is REALLY hot in the high country where the atmosphere is very thin and the suns rays quite intense). The temp inside the shed remained in the mid-90’s all day - not a lot of fun wot work in but at least today’s fiberglas insulation is not nearly as bad to work with (itching) as it used to be. While we did not complete the install, we did manage to get all of the batts in place and about half of them stapled in. A great big YIPPIE COYOTE!

And speaking of wildlife, we’ve not seen much - only a herd or two of mule deer, assorted small critters, LOTS of songbirds, but only TWO hawks (we normally have lots and lots of hawks - the two giant hawks yesterday were fighting over a small chipmunk - kind of sad that's all they could find to eat!). Couple of quick notes. MANY more songbirds this summer than normal - their music seems to be coming from everywhere! Pam had an app on her phone that when pointed in the general direction of a bird singing it will identify the bird - just like that! I was skeptical at first, but son of a gun this app really works a lot of the time. And it is so sensitive.

One evening there were two competing birds in opposite sides of the scene (we could not see them, only could tell the general area each sounds was coming from). Pam pointed her phone into the air between them and after a few seconds of recording the app listed two different birds (both turned out to be correct - one was a western tanager and the other a black headed grosbeak). During the brief recording a hummingbird flew by - literally just for a quick second and then it was gone) - and the app instantly listed the hummingbird and the correct species! The app is free (TheCornellLabMerlin Bird ID app), and while it is not always accurate (depends on how well your recording is), it is pretty good (turns out we have a lot of warbling vireos singing here).

Throughout the day yesterday many storm clouds built up and put on some dramatic displays of thunder and lightning, then blew themselves out and evaporated. During one water break at the peak of heat, some of the clouds parted just enough to show some beautiful blue sky through. I took its picture to share with you in hopes it will cool a little part of your day too!

We finished our work day with a big dinner - in fact we had all three of our cooking appliances working - BBQ grill for chicken breasts, OONI pizza oven for homemade garlic butter flatbread, and a small pot on a portable one-burner cooktop that boiled up box of classic Betty Crocker Suddenly Salad (remember that one? I’ve cooked up a thousand of them in my youth I bet…). It was a good day in the mountains, especially with my lovely bride back in camp!

06/13/22 We watched a new wildfire strike up and send billowing smoke plumes high in the air yesterday for an hour - the fire was about 20 miles away and quickly contained by an army of firefighters on the ground and in the air (approx location is just below the green dot in the sunrise photo below ). They don't mess around with wildfires here - there was a local evacuation ordered within an hour and a map of the fire posted online within two hours. During my evening hike to the top of the hill yesterday I dropped off my pile vest on the way up but forgot to pick it up on the way back. So I headed up at 5:20 today to get it, and got some nice views of the colorful wildfire smoke as the sun rose. Lingering smoke really helped define the many mountains and ridges we can see fom our campsite.

After a beautiful hike to the top of the hill this morning I spent a good part of the day working on the insulation install - I thought I’d said before that I was almost finished, but it turns out still a long way to go. (a colorful sunrise scene due to smoke from the forest fire)

Once my body got its fill of twisting in the rafters with the staple gun, I wandered on down to the giant ponderosa pine tree in the lower part of the meadow to do some “limbing” work. A new chain saw blade was TERRIFIC and in just a little while I had all the limbs removed, a task I was unable to get done first try because my saw blade was just too slow. This big old tree is right beside the main road and I’d been embarrassed at my chop job. The multi-ton tree isn’t going anywhere but at least it’s presentable.

Speaking of big dead trees here, later this week will be the 20th anniversary of that dark day in 2002 when a major wildfire swept over the ridge, down across what is now our property, and burned 10,000 acres of beautiful mature western mountain forest to the ground - and all the houses along with it. Those scars still remain everywhere here - in fact so many burned stumps and logs look like the fire happened just a few months ago - it takes a LONG time to heal here. *I've added a local story to the end of today's post about the fire that was published 15 years ago - online link here

Of course that fire was a mixed blessing for us because there’s no way we could have ever been able to afford even our meager seven-acre lot here had it not been burned to the ground. There wasn’t a building on this site, but almost all the trees got torched. Thankfully aspen trees have a way of reestablishing themselves and we enjoy hundreds of them all around us, plus the meadows are lush with high-county grasses, wildflowers, and rose bushes. The big trees though won’t even get a foothold in our lifetime, much less grow anywhere near the size of the big pine that just got blown down by a storm.

The wildfire from yesterday pretty much died down overnight but it got really smoky as the day wore on from a massive smoke plume blowing in from fires in Arizona and Utah - we’ve been in a “bad air quality alert” for a while, with more expected tomorrow. For us we have a visual measuring stick how bad the air is when each layer of mountain ridge that spread out before us begin to disappear. The farthest one can be gone on a hazy day. Next closest when there’s a lot of dust in the “valley.” But when the four or five other ridges begin to fade away we know the air is getting bad. By 6pm we could no longer see even the mountains just across the highway several miles away. Oops! Pam retreated to the van and closed the windows. I put on my mask and took the pups for a hike hoping it would clear above (nope, but it was a great hike). Tomorrow is supposed to be worse but it will all depend on which way the winds are blowing.

Funny thing happened on the hike with the pups. They are long leashes (20’) and are mostly free to roam side to side across the road we hike on. They often end up in the bushes along the way to sample what “treats” other critters have left for them. As we were coming around a corner I happened to notice that Mia had reached down and scooped something up without even breaking stride. “DROP IT” I shouted. And she did. Then whatever she had scooped up took off running! It was a small chipmunk - I’d not even seen it as we were approaching. What the heck?

We continued on down the road a ways to take a few smoky pics, then got back on the road to head back to camp. As we approached that corner the pups separated to each side of the road, trying to sniff out chippers. After I had passed the previous spot I happened to turn around to see if there were blood marks in the road where maybe the little chipper that Mia scooped up had been hit by a car or something (which would explain why the little guy would have been out in the middle of the road and defenseless when she got him). And I was SHOCKED to discover - not blood or hair, but that same little chipmunk right in the middle of the road - both the dogs and I had walked right on by him! I even got down on my hands and knees to take a photo and he never moved - yet appeared to be just fine.

As I got up off the ground I noticed mom sitting at the edge of the road watching carefully. And then I wondered. Wild critter parents will often put babies in situations they are likely to encounter in the future, with a lesson to be learned along the way to “stay hidden and don’t move” - young deer fawns are like this - they are mostly scentless and are taught early on to just hide and don’t move to avoid detection and being eaten.

OK, so I get it, but why in the world would mom use the MIDDLE OF A ROAD to train her baby!? (Human moms - PLEASE don’t try this at home with your young chippers!)

We had some nice color and a lot more smoke for sunset, and went to bed with hopes of clear air by morning...

*Here's an article published five years ago about the fire that burned our property - online link here

"June 19th will mark the 15th anniversary of the start of the Million Fire near South Fork. While there have been four larger wildland fires in the upper Rio Grande watershed since then, the Million Fire is still the most destructive in our area in more than 100 years.

The winter of 2001-2002 was the driest in modern history in our mountains. According to snotel site data, the snowpack in upper Rio Grande watershed was 10 percent of average at the end of April and zero percent of average on May 31 – there was no snow being recorded at any of the sites.

Forest Service employees working in the field described walking in the forest as “spooky.” They said the forest smelled like firewood. And this was before the spruce beetle epidemic. To make matters worse, an apparent arsonist had been working the South Fork and Del Norte areas. Several human-caused fires had resulted in small fires that were luckily quickly contained.

Everyone was on edge.

And then it happened. The call came in around 1 p.m. that there was a fire near Million Reservoir. It just so happened, several Rio Grande National Forest employees were nearby at the South Fork Guard Station taking law enforcement training. They were on the scene quickly and started digging fire line right away to try to contain fire. Unfortunately, strong winds soon pushed the fire up a steep slope before it could be encircled with a fire line. Within minutes the flames climbed up into the tops of the trees and it took off. There was no catching it.

A smoke column formed climbing thousands of feet above the fire. As the fire grew and the heat intensified, the column thickened to the width of several football fields and bubbled up looking like a thunderhead. Hundred foot flames consumed Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, white fir and limber pine trees. Worse yet, the winds were blowing the fire right towards Willow Park Ranch Estates.

Reinforcements were called in right away and fire departments responded from around the San Luis Valley. Slurry tankers and helicopters also arrived within just a couple of hours to join in the suppression efforts, but there was no slowing down the head of the fire. The fuels were too dry, the humidity too low and the winds too strong. The firefighters focused their efforts on the back and sides of the fire, and on protecting structures.

Meanwhile, Colorado State Patrol, Rio Grande Sheriff’s Department, and county emergency workers mobilized to manage traffic and evacuate citizens from the South Fork area. One evacuation center was set up at the Del Norte Middle School for residents and another at Ski Hi for the RVs and livestock. An incident command post was first set up at the South Fork Guard Station and then later moved to the South Fork Community Center.

By about 4 in the afternoon, the Million Fire reached the ridge above Willow Park Ranch Estates. Volunteer fire departments had already arrived and were busy cleaning up around homes to try to protect them from the fast approaching flames. But the fire was big and so intense that ash was dropping into people’s yards in Center. The firefighters worked through the night trying to save what they could.

The next day, when smoke cleared enough to assess the damage, 11 homes were destroyed and six others damaged.

The Million Fire continued for several more days burning more than 9,000 acres of federal and private land. Resources from all over the country and a Type 1 incident management team were called in to take over the firefighting efforts. 

The Million Fire caused disruption and heartache throughout the South Fork area. Losing a home to wildland fire is a terrible thing. But the Million Fire also brought out the best in our San Luis Valley community. People dropped everything to support the firefighting efforts. There was no thought of self, just compassion for others. It’s why I live here."

06/14/22 This photo was from a hike I did in the evening around Big Meadows Lake up near the Great Divide. ..

06/19/22 Dark clouds loom over our campsite early this morning - 52 degrees with 90% humidity - YEA! (our campsite is in the grove of aspen trees at the red dot) Some nice rainfall overnight and more expeted today...

06/20/22 The other day after taking pups on a hike my lovely bride wondered about making a quick trip over to Telluride (I’d not been there since my elk hunting days in the 1970’s, and it wasn’t much of a town). We normally like to have at least three items on a list to do before we head to a destination. #1 - Pam needed to make a tour of the area for possible painting locations for the next trip with her Canadian friend, Heather. #2 - I needed to return a board to Home Depot in Durango. #3, Pam needed to stop by the art store in Durango to get some more painting supplies. (there was a 4th but it escapes me now) OK, WE GOT THREE ON THE LIST - LET’S GO!

The drive up and over Wolf Creek Pass was beautiful, traffic in Durango was not bad, and soon we were headed north following the Delores River upstream from the little community of Dolores towards Telluride. Neither of us had been in this area before and were surprised how nice it was - all the way to the top of the river drainage was just wonderful! Lush hillsides covered with aspens and evergreens and the whitewater Delores River.

There was one issue though. While I was in Home Depot Pam made up a pot of her special sweet chicken chili - and as we drove along, the van filled with the sweet aroma generated by the crock pot she’d put in the sink to cook - TOUGH to drive with that AND look at the scenery!

When we reached the top of the divide at Lizard Head Pass we pulled over and I literally ran out the door and across a wildflower meadow that was surrounded on all sides by naked and colorful granite peaks - OH MY GOODNESS! And then we realized this was ALL a dispersed camping area of the national forest (park anywhere, no cost) - a perfect place for us to spend the night - YIPPIE! It is one of those breathtaking spots that you don’t even have to hike to.

We continued on down the other side of the pass and mostly coasted towards Telluride. As we got closer to town we saw a big sign and barricades across the highway ahead - and lots of congestion and flashing lights. Telluride is located on a dead end highway. In fact the highway passes through the middle of town (15mph max), then ends at a large parking lot at the base of a giant mountain.

Turns out the town had been pretty much closed off to the public - we had stumbled right into one of the largest events of the year in Telluride - the 49th annual Telluride Bluegrass Festival! HOLY MOLY grandma, we’d come at a terrible time! But it turned out they gave us a “three hour pass” to enter town (and then be GONE) - everyone else was part of the festival.

We crept through town and parked near the end of the highway and sat down to a delicious dinner of Pam’s sweet chicken chili as we watched 4WD vehicles make their way down from what is considered the most difficult and dangerous 4WD trail in Colorado - Bear Creek Pass (we went on part of this many years ago when we came to Colorado to photograph wildflowers). Oh yes, Colorado’s tallest waterfall was right there in front of us too - Bridal Veil Falls, 365’. It was quite a dining spot!

We got out of town before they hauled us away and motored back up to Lizard Head Pass and found a beautiful spot to park for the night - right next to the wildflower meadow and the beginning of the “Galloping Goose” trail, which follows the route of an old mining railroad between Ridgeway and Durango (an 18-mile trail follows the section from the pass back down to Telluride - I need to hike this one day - in both directions).

Sunset on the surrounding peaks was quite SPECTACULAR as they lit up. All the campgrounds in the area (7) were jammed packed of course, hotels in town were VERY expensive no doubt, but our spot was free - our favorite kind.

Next morning I took the pups on the first mile down the Galloping Goose Trail and back up, then realized why I was pushing so hard - the temp was down in the low 30’s and I needed to work a little bit to keep warm! Have I ever mentioned I LOVE hiking in the mountains?!

So much of the landscape is covered with Aspens, and I’ve photographed the northern parts of this area several times before but never on this side of Durango. Hum, I suspect my wheels will be back to the Delores River and the Galloping Goose Trail when the aspens turn this fall.

On the way home we sniffed out a BAKERY in Delores - highly recommended - then arrived back at our campsite at 9,033’ elevation - and discovered the #4 reason why we had made the trip.

For three days before we left we’d had a guest take up residence under the little storage shed at camp - a yearling marmot*. We normally enjoy seeing them here in the high country - called “whistle pigs” by the locals due to their voice (often more of a loud CHIP than a whistle). There is a large colony of them on our new property that lives at the base of the big granite volcano plug and also in the rocks next to the giant Ponderosa pine tree that was blown down (and I’m trying to clean up). The grand dame of that herd is a big beautiful blonde marmot - we can see her clearly without binocs from our camp site even though it’s about 1/4 mile away.

*A marmot is kind of a high-altitude version of a ground hog (aka woodchuck), made famous by the Lewis & Clark Expedition in 1804. They decided to capture one of these new species of critters they found and ship it back to President Jefferson ALIVE. It took a bit of work to dig the poor fellow out of his dirt home but they succeeded, and the marmot finally made it back to the white house alive.

Anyway, our marmot crawled under our shed and refused to come out. At first the pups tried to dig it out, but eventually gave up. The little guy (he probably was 5-10 pounds) just sat there and CHIPPED away, sounding more like a giant chipmunk than a yearling marmot. We think he was simply too scared to come out so just sat there calling out for mom. Mom was nowhere to be found. Even after two nights of us not bothering him at all, each morning he was still there. I tried several times with various implements to encourage him to move, and we baited him with different treats, but no luck.

SO we figured that if we left for a couple of days he might finally get the message and be brave enough to leave and go find momma while we were gone. When we returned I quietly snuck over to the shed, got down on my belly and stuck my head under each of the four sections of the bottom of the shed. HE WAS GONE ----- YIPPIE COYOTE!

It had been a great trip with all four items checked off the list.

Since we’ve been back the weather has mostly been hot, dry, and dusty. But good for wildflowers - the second wave of them has come on and we’re seen so many delightful plants all around.

And then it started to rain. We had two days and nights of quite cold rainfall - not much fun when in the mountains, but so much needed for the landscape - it’s like the forest and meadows had been holding their breaths for weeks now and finally can let go and breathe easy - with a big smile too!

Did I mention my new gas pizza oven? While Pam was on her painting trip I made a different pizza each night. Haven’t made one since she returned. But I kept telling her I wanted to experiment with a chicken-BBQ-pineapple pizza. (we normally only have the tried and true pepperoni-green pepper-cheese pizza) I’d wanted to wait until I found a basil plant so we could put fresh basil leaves on top, but local produce was not very good (at all). But when at Home Depot the other day I found a pair of basil plants in a planter all ready to go - oh my they smell SOOO GREAT!

I’ve been carefully watching them making ready for the day of the chicken-BBQ pizza. In fact I love their aroma so much that I’ve started using pinches of the flowers and leaves in my morning smoothie - WONDERFUL! Although I must admit there are two basil plants and I like the THAI basel plant the best (never heard of it before).

Anyway, I finally got around to making the chicken-BBQ pizzas - and as I was pulling them out of the oven I realized I had FORGOT THE BASIL! Good grief - must be the altitude. Pam declared them the BEST pizzas EVER, and I would have to agree. Next time I won’t forget the basil though.

OK, ‘nuff ketchup for now - I’ll try to get back to regular programming.

Regular programming. It was chilly at down today with temps in the mid-40’s when I headed out for a morning hike to the top of the hill. I thought I was seeing things when I found a sea of fog spread out before me. The terrain drops off about 1,000’ from our camp down to the highway where the Rio Grande River runs, and the upper layer of fog was just below us. The sky was filled with beautiful layers of colorful clouds - it looked kind of like a textbook morning back in Arkansas after a rain - and looked just as good today here!

At the top of the hill it was mostly clear, but as I headed back down I got to hike into and down through the sea of fog as it was rising, and by the time I got back to camp the fog and lifted above me - so in one short hike I had been in a Judy Collins song and “looked at clouds from both sides now”...

One wildlife note - we discovered one corner of our property only about 100 yards from our camp was being used as a wilderness latrine by a large black bear - FIVE different piles of bear poop! I probably should start using a flashlight when I poke around at night.

Another wildlife note - we’ve had two or three different sets of mule deer families hanging out in our meadow - all are a single moms with yearling twins - one set has two females, the other one female and one buck, and a third set has two bucks, with one of them looking to have a really nice “rack” later this year (all the boys are growing velvet-covered antlers right now). The deer come and go so frequently the pups tend too ignore them - or rather just sit and watch instead of chasing after.

The shed insulation job has not been completed yet, but it keeps the shed cooler during the day and warmer at night. Yesterday I turned on a small oil-filled heater as we curled up to watch the Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix and we all kept toasty warm during the four hours of programming (it was pouring outside and rather cold).

We had an amazing colorful sky for sunset this evening...

06/23/22 Sunset...(below)

06/25/22 Another LOVELY sunrise today! (below) And quite a difference in the heat index this afteroon between our Colorado camp and home in Jasper - YIKES!

06/27/22 Big bad storm headed our way - but it missed us...

Journal Archives - previous months

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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